????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????????????? ???? ??? 8 ? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????????? ? ???? ?? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ????? ??????.

??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??(01) ????? ?????? ?????? ?????????.

?? ???, ??????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? 40? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ????????????????????? ?? ???? ??????????? ?????????? ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ???????.

?? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ??? ??????? ????????? ?? ?????.

? ??????????????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ?????.  

???????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????????? ??????? ? ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???. https://www.youtube.com/embed/djNAN3_uwVw

???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ??? 8? ???? ??????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ?? ????.

?? (????. 1) ????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ???, ??? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????????? ????? ????? ? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?? ?.

???? ?????, ????????? ?.?.4.15?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?.

??? ?????????????? ????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ????? ???, ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ?????? ???????????????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?? ?.

?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ?? ? ?? ??? ??? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??? ??????.

???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ????? ?? ??? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?.

??? ???????? ???? ?????, “?????? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??” ???? ??? ????? ??? ?.

??? ??????? ???, ??? ?? ??? “?????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ??” ?.

???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ?? ? ??? ??????.

????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ?? ? ?? ???????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ? ??? ????? ??? ?.

????? ?, ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????????????????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ??? ????? ? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ??? ?.

https://mawbima.lk/news-more/89854

The Ceylon Electricity Board Engineers’ Union (CEBEU) says that its members have launched a work-to-rule campaign from 12 noon today (25) over several issues including the controversial Yugadanavi power plant deal.

The association demands that the government not proceed with the deal with US-based energy company New Fortress Energy Inc., which includes a transfer of 40% of shares of West Coast Power Private Limited (WCPL) – the owner of Yugadanavi power plant in Kerawalapitiya.

They also call on authorities to put an immediately stop to the abrupt transfers of senior management of the CEB.

The CEBEU says that under the work-to-rule campaign its members will only work during the normal office hours on working days, except those who are on shift duties. 

The association also warns that they would resort to strike action if the relevant authorities fail to respond to their demands. 

http://www.adaderana.lk/news.php?nid=78683

??????? ???????? ????? 40 ? ????? ?? ???. ???. ??. ?????????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??? (25??) ??? ????? ????????? ??????? ????? ??????????????? ??????? ???.

???????? ??? ??????? ??????????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??????.

????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????????????? ??? ????? 12.00 ??? ????? ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ???. ?????????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ???.

?????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ??? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? 10 ?? ??????. ?? ??????? ????????????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???.

???. ???. ??. ??????? ???????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?????? ??????? ???. ???. ??. ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ?????? ?????. ?? ????? ???????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ????. ?????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ???????? ???????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ??????.

????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ???????. ???? ???? ?? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ???????? ?? ????. ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ?? ?????? ??? ?????.

?????? ???????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????. ???. ???. ??. ????? ?????? ??? ?? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????. ? ???? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ?? ????. ????????? ???. ???. ??. ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ??????.

?????? ?????? – ???????? ????? ???????

The hottest potato now on the lap of the Government of Sri Lanka (GOSL) is an unsolicited proposal from a giant U.S. corporation, New Fortress Energy (NFE), to build a new offshore LNG (liquefied natural gas) receiving, storage and regasification terminal in Colombo. A framework agreement to go ahead with this proposal has already been allegedly signed but very little of this was known to the wider public. Unsurprisingly, allegations that this was done in secret is being widely bandied about. Lesser constituents of the government are unhappy about this proposal and Finance Minister Basil Rajapaksa who is pushing it on the grounds that it will enable cheaper long-term electricity generation benefiting hard-pressed consumers had a discussion with party leaders of the ruling coalition on this subject last Thursday. What finally emerged there has not been revealed but it is clear that the government is determined to push ahead with the proposal.

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=DuNmrtd244s

“???? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?? ??? ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?? ???? ?????? ???????????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ??? ??? ????????????? ?? ??????????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ????????? ….” (Nuremberg Trials) – ???????? ?????? ????????

??.?. ?????? ???????????, ????? ?????? ???.???.??.????????????, ????? ??????????????? ???.???.??????, ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????, ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????, ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????????? 9 ?????? ?????? ?? ???? ???? ???? – 2021-09-30 ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????….

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– ??? ?? ??? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??$ ????? ???? ? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ?????

– ???? ??? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ?? ??? ???? ??????? ????

– ???? ????. ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ??? ????

– ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??? ? ???????? ??? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?? ??

By Nishel Fernando (Daily Mirror)

Sri Lanka stands to lose up to US$ 400 million over the next five-year period if the government decides to move ahead with the unsolicited proposal submitted by the US-based New Fortress Energy (NFE), allowing them to setup the country’s LNG infrastructure and procure LNG from them for the country’s power sector, the Ceylon Electricity Board Engineers’ Union (CEBEU) cautioned this week.

Following an unsolicited proposal directly sent to the Ministry of Finance, the government signed a Framework Agreement (FA) with NFE on July 7, 2021.

The key features of the unsolicited proposal include the purchase 40 percent shares of West Coast Power Private Limited (WCPL) for US$ 250 million, execution of the LNG terminal project, which includes a floating storage regasification unit (FSRU), a mooring system and the pipelines as well as supply of LNG to WCPL, Sobadhanavi Limited (SBL) and other plants.

Further, the CEBEU claimed that the proposal also includes giving away exclusive rights of supplying LNG to Sri Lanka’s electricity generation to NFE with commitment to purchase LNG from the firm under very strict conditions, which would be favourable to them.

CEBEU stated that the Cabinet of Ministers has already approved a resolution to enter into a gas supply term sheet and share sale & purchase agreement of WCPL and a gas supply agreement for SBL. Hence, it fears that the government has already entered into some of these agreements. 

“Though in general, take-or-pay (TOP) clauses are typically not absolute and may include flexibility mechanisms for the buyer to adjust the contracted volumes, huge amount of TOP gas volumes   commitments of the buyers have been included in the NFE offer. The purchaser needs to pay the LNG supplier the cost of TOP gas volumes whether or not the purchaser uses the particular gas volumes,” CEBEU stated. 

The trade union warned that the CEB and the government could incur an additional US$ 400 million as a result of these clauses including the additional undue gain from LNG pricing formula, which is extremely high when compared to international competitive prices.

It estimated that the transaction cost under the NFE’s LNG supply contract could be in the range of US$ 3 billion for 5 years and could go up to US$ 6 billion for 10 years.

“The offered pricing formulas for LNG supply are very much disadvantageous to Sri Lanka. NFE could make enormous profits from this contract. It is like the infamous hedging deal of petroleum fuel supply, which caused  a loss of millions of dollars to the country. If this NFE proposal is implemented, Sri Lanka will not have the opportunity to gain the advantages of price reductions of LNG in future. Further, Sri Lanka will be deprived of benefiting to procure LNG on government to government (G to G) contracts from friendly Middle Eastern countries,” it elaborated. 

Further, under the NFE contract for terminal facility, CEB is also required to pay a minimum of US$ 253 million for 5 years for the FSRU separately as the capacity charge in addition to LNG payment, which is in contrast to the previous unsolicited proposal made by a South Korean firm under the Swiss Challenge basis, where the payment to FSRU was free-of-charge.

Hence, CEBEU claimed that the unsolicited proposal which came in disguise at US$ 250 million for 40 percent of WCPL, in fact aims to secure multi-billion LNG supply contracts without competition and with exclusive rights of supplying LNG to the whole country with undefined extended duration beyond 5 years, creating a monopoly in LNG supply and risking the country’s national security and energy security. 

The Union also raised concerns on the laws governing these contracts. 

“The governing law of the contracts is the Law of England and Wales where Sri Lanka will be in a very  much disadvantageous and powerless position,” it stated. 

Moreover, the CEBEU also charged that the purchase consideration of US$ 250 million for 40 percent stake in WCPL by NFE is less than the valuation of the Chief Government Valuer.

It also cautioned that implementation of NFE’s unsolicited contracts would mark the end of competitive bidding process for LNG supply, the FSRU and pipelines as there are no other requirements than a single terminal facility and single LNG supply contract for the country at the moment. 

In addition, it pointed out that the country’s power sector won’t be able to benefit from exploration of natural gas in Mannar basin, if these unsolicited contracts are implemented. 

“The Ministry of Energy is working fast on the exploration of natural gas in Mannar basin. This will be of no use locally as entire LNG supply of the country will be supplied through a NFE contract,” it said.

National Energy Policy

• The Sri Lanka government has gazetted the National Energy Policy and Strategies of Sri Lanka in August 2019. The primary objective of the national energy policy is to ensure energy security through the supplies of reliable, cost effective and competitively priced energy services from diverse sources to support the social equitable development of Sri Lanka. National energy policy is founded mainly focusing on several aspects such as assuring energy security through continuity, adequacy and reliability, providing energy services at the optimum cost to the national economy, enhancing self-reliance, strengthening good governance in the energy sector among several others.    
• The national energy policy identifies the liquefied natural gas (LNG) as the next fossil fuel option for the country to broaden diversity.
• The national energy policy clearly states that considering the impact to the national energy security, operation of the first LNG terminal and LNG procurement shall be kept under state control.
• National energy policy further establishes that procurement of plant, equipment, crude oil and other fuels as well as power purchase agreements and similar concessions, will be made through a streamlined competitive bidding scheme ensuring transparency and accountability.        

CEB’s Initiatives for the Deployment of LNG for Electricity Generation in Sri Lanka

• In line with the national energy policy and the general policy guidelines on the electricity industry, CEB has already taken initiatives to deploy LNG for electricity generation in Sri Lanka.  
• CEB has already developed a comprehensive road map for the deployment of LNG for Sri Lanka electricity generation through a detailed feasibility study funded by ADB. 
• The intention was to deploy LNG for the Colombo based power plants initially with the actual LNG requirement determined carefully in accordance with CEB’s generation plan as well as forecasted dispatch scenario.
• The tenders were separated for the procurement of LNG terminal, pipeline and LNG supply through competitive bidding process to secure the optimum economic benefits to the country while ensuring the transparency and accountability. 
• International Competitive Tenders were called by CEB to procure LNG terminal (FSRU, mooring facility and other infrastructure) and by CPC to construct the pipe line network and the bids received are currently under evaluation.
• Bid documents to procure LNG through competitive bidding process are being prepared.

Page 2 of 6 New Fortress Energy’s Proposal

• New Fortress Energy (NFE), a USA based company has submitted an unsolicited proposal directly to the Ministry of Finance which has a huge direct impact to the LNG deployment in Sri Lanka.
• This NFE’s unsolicited proposal was submitted disturbing the formal procurement process to procure LNG, terminal facility and pipelines to Sri Lanka through competitive bidding process where bids on terminal facility and pipelines are now in the final stage of evaluation.
• The salient features of NFE’s unsolicited proposal are as follows,

1. To purchase 40% of shares of West Coast Power Private Limited (WCPL) at a purchase consideration of USD 250 million.
2. To execute LNG terminal project which includes Floating Storage Regasification Unit (FSRU), Mooring system and the Pipelines.
3. Supply of Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) to WCPL, Sobadhanavi Limited (SBL) and other plants which will come in Kerawalapitiya and with higher possibility the CEB plants at Kelanitissa as well.  
4. Inclusion of very high Take or Pay (TOP) gas volumes than the actual minimum requirement of the country with strict conditions that NFE should be paid irrespective of whether the contracted volumes are consumed or not. 
5. Contract term initially for 5 years with almost definite compelled further extensions.
6. Exclusive rights of suppling LNG to Sri Lanka electricity generation.
7. NFE being granted all tax exemptions/benefits/investment incentives available under Sri Lankan law.
8. Any taxes/charges which are not exempted will be a pass-through cost.
9. Governing law of the contracts is Laws of England and Wales.

• The Framework Agreement (FA) has already been signed between the GOSL and NFE on 07.07.2021.
• Recently, Cabinet has given approval to enter into the Gas Supply Term Sheet, Share Sale & Purchase Agreement (SSPA) of WCPL, Gas Supply Agreements with WCPL and SBL and subsequently media reports reveal that some of these agreements have already been signed.

Threat to the National Energy Security & Enormous Loss to the Country if NFE’s Unsolicited Proposal is implemented

• The unsolicited proposal of NFE contradicts the provisions of the procurement policies and principles, National Energy Policy as well as Sri Lanka Electricity Act, where competitive bidding process should be adopted to procure electricity as well as fuels and also to keep the first LNG terminal and LNG supply under the state control. 
• Exclusive rights of supplying LNG to Sri Lanka will be tied up with a USA company for 5 years initially with definite compelled extensions forever which is a great threat to national energy security. The Colombo based existing and future power plants can be controlled by a USA company through the LNG supply which will greatly hamper the country’s electricity supply availability and reliability. Supply of LNG under this contract may not be limited to electricity sector but could also be extended to other sectors such as transport and domestic usage in the years to come which will give a huge controlling power to a foreign company.  
• The contracts of LNG terminal, pipelines and LNG supply bundled together in a single unsolicited contract and handed over to a foreign company which is a severe threat to the national security as well as energy security and Sri Lanka will be in their custody forever.
• Majority of the countries in the world, the contracts of LNG supply and infrastructure development are not bundled together instead execute as separate tenders due to the concerns of national security, energy security and to harness the maximum benefit of market competitiveness. 
• Acquiring shares of WCPL and also SBL which is an absolute possibility as learnt, a USA based company will have the control over the electricity supply in the country.
• The transaction cost under the NFE’s LNG supply contract could be in the range of USD 3000 million for 5 years and could go up to USD 6000 million for 10 years, given the fact that the country will be forced to buy LNG from NFE for the plants in Kelanitissa premises as well since there is no other alternative option. It is a huge crime meted out to the country if such a massive contract which could easily be the biggest contract of the country, is obtained through an unsolicited proposal without following due competitive bidding process.
• The offered pricing formulas for LNG supply are very much disadvantages to Sri Lanka. NFE could make enormous profits from this contract. It is like the infamous hedging deal of petroleum fuel supply which caused millions of dollar loss to the country. If this NFE proposal is implemented, GOSL will not have the opportunity to gain the advantages of price reductions of LNG in future. Further, GOSL will be deprived of benefitting to procure LNG on Government to Government (G to G) contracts from friendly middle east countries.  
• Though in general, Take or Pay (TOP) clauses are typically not absolute and may include flexibility mechanisms for the buyer to adjust the contracted volumes, huge amount of TOP gas volumes with firm commitments of the buyers have been included in the NFE offer. The purchaser needs to pay the LNG supplier the cost of TOP gas volumes whether or not the purchaser uses the particular gas volumes. Hence, TOP gas volumes needs to be very carefully determined to the minimum value considering the plant factor, availability, dispatch scenario and availability of other low-cost energy sources like hydro, coal, wind and solar.
• However, the TOP volumes included in the NFE’s LNG supply contract are extremely high. It can cause a huge additional financial burden on CEB and GOSL up to USD 400 million for 5 years including the additional undue gain from LNG pricing formula which is extremely high comparing to international competitive prices.
• With the government’s simultaneous policy decision of 70% Renewable Energy integration for electricity generation, the usage of LNG could be even less and Take or Pay commitment of LNG will burden the country even more while benefitting NFE massively.
• What is more pathetic and beyond thinkable is that when it is unable to use the TOP LNG volume in a month, the purchaser has to pay the cost for TOP volume for that month and then subsequently has to pay again for the next month’s actual usage of the same LNG which is stored in seller’s facility. It is like selling the same LNG quantity twice. This is the extent of losing by the country if LNG supply contracts are signed for higher TOP volumes.
• Higher TOP contracts will also influence the merit order dispatching of power plants in the country and can lead to corruption practices.
• Under the NFE contract for terminal facility, CEB should pay a minimum of USD 253 million for 5 years for FSRU separately as the capacity charge in addition to LNG payment. However, with the previous unsolicited Korean offer under the Swiss Challenge basis, the FSRU was offered free of charge.
• In the Cabinet paper dated 06.09.2021 submitted by the Hon. Minister of Finance with regard to the NFE’s unsolicited proposal, the capacity charge on the CEB executed tender for FSRU was compared to indicate that NFE’s unsolicited proposal is more economical than offers received through CEB’s competitive bidding process. This is a big lie and misrepresentation of real facts to misguide the Cabinet and the general public. NFE is granted all tax exemptions/benefits/investment incentives while bidders through CEB’s competitive bidding process are subjected to payment of 24% of corporate tax and personal income taxes. In addition, under the tender conditions, the pipeline system having 40 years of lifetime and mooring facility having 25 years of lifetime will be transferred to CPC and CEB respectively free of charge at the end of 10^th year of the contract. Costs of these infrastructures contribute significantly to the tariff offered by bidders. Further, the tariff of the tender is inclusive of pipeline from FSRU to Kelanitissa power plant premises which is the most expensive and difficult part of the pipeline system. Hence, tendered prices can not be compared with NFE offered prices which is merely based on temporary infrastructures with limited scope.      
• Further, NFE’s capacity charge of USD 1.45 per MMBtu for FSRU, is just a cover up figure based on a high dispatch scenario whereas the actual dispatch would be much less and the actual capacity charge of NFE could exceed USD 5.50 per MMBtu.
• It is clear that real dominating factors with respect to financial feasibility are intentionally hidden in the submitted Cabinet paper. The cost of terminal facility and the pipelines is a minute figure of around USD 200 million when compared to the LNG supply contract of around USD 6000 million for 10 years.  Nearly 95% of the total contract sum accounts for the LNG supply contract. Hence, it is the LNG supply contract which matters most for economic feasibility and not the terminal facility as misrepresented through the Cabinet paper. NFE has sensible enough to include all their undue profits in the LNG supply contract while misguiding the GOSL on terminal facility contract benefitted through undue access for the information of bids submitted through CEB’s competitive tender process. 
• FSRU agreements are extremely complex in nature. Off hire, warranty compensation, operations during turbulent oceanic conditions, commitment to availability of gas during May to September should be covered and none of these things have been discussed.
• The purchase consideration of USD 250 million for 40% stake in WCPL by NFE is said to be much less than the valuation of Chief Government valuer.   
• NFE has determined a minimum plant factor of 70% for WCPL which is an extra cost to CEB while more profitable for NFE on return on shareholder investment as well as huge TOP LNG volumes.
• Changes intended to bring on heat rates during the impending amendments to the existing Power Purchase Agreement (PPA) of WCPL will bring enormous cost to CEB.
• As per the existing PPA of WCPL, coming years from 2022 onwards will be more profitable for shareholders as repayment of loan has almost been completed and hence NFE will be immensely benefitted.  
• All existing shareholders of WCPL (Treasury-50%, EPF-27%, LECO-18%, LTL-5%) are local entities and return on equity is paid in LKR. However, when NFE becomes a shareholder, dividends on their investment will have to be paid in USD, a new avenue for forex outflow.     
• What another regretful fact for the country is that when the dividend payments are compelled to made in USD to NFE during the favorable years to come, the so-called incoming investment of USD 250 million through share purchasing will be wiped off within few years.
• Under the NFE’s unsolicited LNG supply contract and the amendments to the existing PPA together with actual plant factor, the cost of electricity unit of WCPL could easily go up to such a level that sometimes it might be cheaper running the power plant on HFO under existing PPA. 

• The Framework Agreement (FA) signed and what is doing now are two different things. FA is only for WCPL with a USD 9.9 Cents maximum price per kWh of electricity. Now, there is a Cabinet decision to amend the FA and increasing of the electricity unit cost is a definite occurrence.        

• It is crystal clear that the main aim of NFE is not the mere USD 250 million investment in shares of WCPL but the securing of multi-billion dollar LNG supply contract without a competition and with exclusive rights of supplying LNG to the whole country with undefined extended duration beyond 5 years with massive controlling power on the country’s national security and energy security and with guaranteed exorbitant profits.

• No official discussions or consultations were held with CEB or Ministry of Power on this unsolicited proposal and the Ministry of Finance single handedly managed the entire process.

• GOSL is going to sign agreements with NFE and not CEB as usually done hence it will be a strong binding and dispute resolution will be extremely difficult.  

• The governing law of the contracts is the Law of England and Wales where Sri Lanka will be in a very much disadvantageous and powerless position.

• In the Cabinet paper dated 06.09.2021, the Minister of Finance has quoted and compared all figures from the financial proposal of the ongoing tender initiated by CEB. This is totally against the NPA procurement guidelines and good governance. This will set a very bad precedence on all types of procurement in the country and severely hamper the credibility, transparency and confidentiality. This will greatly discourage genuine investors coming to our country. This is a gross violation of the clause 3.8.2 of the national energy policy as well.     

• NFE has taken all information from CEB floated tender for FSRU to formulate their offer and bundled with LNG supply also. All studies carried out by CEB for years have been obtained by NFE at no cost and submitted an unsolicited proposal.

• Implementation of NFE unsolicited contracts is the end of competitive bidding process for LNG supply, FSRU and pipelines as there are no other requirements than a single terminal facility and single LNG supply contract to Sri Lanka at the moment.

• The Ministry of Energy is working fast on exploration of natural gas in Mannar basin. This will be of no use locally as entire LNG supply of the country will be supplied through NFE contract.

????? ??????? ????????????

??????, ?????????? ??? ?? ??????????; ??????? ????????????? ????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????, ????? ???????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????, ??????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????, ??????? ????????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ‘????? ??????? ????????????’ ????? ???? ??? ?????? 2019 ??????? ?? ‘????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ???? ?????’ ????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ?????????, ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ??????? ????????????? ????? ???????.

?? ??? ???????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ?? ???? (Country to broaden diversity) ????? ????? ??????? ??? (Fossil Fuel Option) ??????? ?? ????????? ????? (Liquefied Natural Gas – LNG) ???? ????? ??????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????????? ??? ?? ????? ???? ???? LNG ????????? ??????????????? ?? LNG ???????????? (Operation & Procurement) ?????? ????? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ??.

??????????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ????? ???????? ?????? ???????, ?????, ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?? ? ?? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ??? ?? ????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ?? ??.

LNG ???????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????????

????? ??????? ???????????? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??????????? ?????????????? ???????, ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? LNG ??????? ?? ?? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??.

1. ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ???????????? ??????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?? ??.

• ???????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ???? ????? ?? ????? LNG ????????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?? ??.

• ??????????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ?????? ??? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ???? LNG ????????, ?? ?????? ?? LNG ?????? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??? ???.

• LNG Terminal (FSRU, Mooring Facility & other Infrastructure) ????? ????? ???? ?? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???? ??????? ????.

• ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????????? ?????? LNG ????? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????.

New Fortress Energy (NFE) ??????? ?????

?????? ?????? ???? NFE ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ?? ??? ?????? ????? ?????? LNG ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ????????? ??.

NFE ??????? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??.

1. ????? ?????? 250 ? West Coast Power Private Limited (WCPL) ????? 40% ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????.
2. FSRU, Mooring System ?? ?? ??????? ???? LNG ??????? ??????????? ?????.
3. ?????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??? WCPL, Sobadhanavi Limited (SBL) ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? LNG ??????  
4. ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????? ??? 5 ?? ???? ??????????? ????.
5. ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? LNG ??????? ??? ??????.
6. ????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ??????/?????????/????? ???? ????? NFE ??? ??? ???.
7. ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ???? ????????? ???.

NFE ?????? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????? ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ????? ???????

• ??????????? ???????????, ????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?? ?????? ????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ????? ?? ????????? NFE ????????.
• ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ??? 5 ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ???? ? ???????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ????????. ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? NFE ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ??? ??.
• ???????? ????????, ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???? ?????, ?????????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??.

• ??? ???? ????? ??????? ????????? ???????? ????(LNG) ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ???????, ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ???? ???? ????.

• WCPL ?? SGL ?? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??????? ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ??.
• NFE ????? ???? ????????? ???????? ????(LNG) ??????? ?????????????? ??? ???? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? 3000?? ?????? ?????? ??? ??? ?? ??? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? 6000?? ????? ??????? ???. ???? ??? ??????? ???? ?? ??????? ??????????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???????? ???????????????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?????? ????? ????????.
• ?????? ????????? ???????? ????(LNG) ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ???????? ?? ??. ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????? ??????? ?????????????.

• NFE ?????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????????? LNG ??????? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??. ??? ????? ??????  ?????????? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? LNG ????? ?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ??? ??.

• ???????????? TOP (Take or Pay) ??????? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ??? LNG ???????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ?????? ???????? ????????????? ??? ??????. ??????? ????? ????? ??????? LNG ??????????? TOP ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????. ? ????? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? TOP LNG ?????? ????? ????? ?????????????? ?????? ?????. ??? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? (Plant Factor), ?????? ?????? ????? ???????(Plant Availability), ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????? (Dispatch Scenario) ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ?? ??, ??? ?????, ????, ????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ????? ???? ????? ?????.

????? ??? ??????? ????? NFE ??????  LNG ??????? ??????????????? ????? ?? TOP-LNG ??????? ??? ??? ????. ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ??? ??? ??? ???? ???? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? 500 ??? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??? ??. ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? NFE ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? TOP-LNG ???????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??.

?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????????? ?? 2030 ????? ??? ??????? ????????? 70%?? ???????? ??????????? ???????? ??????? ???? ????????? LNG ????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???????? TOP-LNG ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ??? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? NFE ????? ????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??.

??? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????? ???????? ????????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ?????? ??? ?? ???????? TOP-LNG ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ????? LNG  ??????   ??? ??? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? LNG ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ??? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ? ???? ????? ??????????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? LNG ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??????? ??. ??? ???????? ????? ???????? TOP-LNG ???????? ???? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????????????? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ???.

• ?????? ???????? TOP-LNG ???????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ????????????? ??????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?? ???????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? LNG ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ??????????? ????.

• NFE ?????? ???????? ??????? ???? ?? ??????????????? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????????? ????? ????? (Floating Storage Regasification Unit –FSRU)  ???? ??? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? 253? ?????? ?????? ???????(Capacity Charge) ???? ??? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ??? ?? ??????? TOP-LNG ???????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????.
• 2021.09.06 ??????? ??? ????? ??????????? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? NFE ?????? ??????? ????? ??????? ????? ??????????? ????? ????. ??? ???? NFE ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????????? FSRU ???? ?? ?????? ???????(Capacity Charge) ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??? ????????  ?? ??? ??? ????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ?? ??. ??? ??????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?? ?????. ??? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ???, ??????? ?? ????? ????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??????? ???????? ?? ???? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ?????? ???. ????? ??? ??????? ???? ??????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????(Capacity Charge) ?????????? ????????? ?? ?????.

??? NFE ?????? ?????? ???????(Capacity Charge) ?? FSRU ???????? ???????? ???? ??? (MMBTU – Metric Million British Thermal Unit) ????????? ???? ?? ????????? ????? 1.45? ???? LNG ?????? ?????? ????????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ?????. ?????? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?? ??????? LNG ?????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? FSRU ???? ???(MMBTU -Metric Million British Thermal Unit) ????????? ???? ????????? ????? 5.50? ??????? ???.

• ??? ????? ?? ??????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ?????????. ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?? ????? (?.?? ?????? 200?? ???) LNG ??????? ?????????????? (??? 10?? ???? ?.?? ?????? 6000?? ???) ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ???? ??????. ????? ??????????????? ???????? 95%?? ??? ????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ???? ?? LNG ?????? ?????? ?????.

• ??? ??? ?? LNG ????? ?????? ??????????????? ?????????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?? ?????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? LNG ?????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????. ?? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ??? ????? ????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?? ?????????. NFE ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ???????? ??? ??????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ????? LNG ??????? ?????????????? ????? ???????????? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ?? ??. ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? LNG ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ???? ??? ??.
• FSRU ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????????? ???. ?????? ???? ???? ??????, ?????? ????????????, ?????? ???? ???? ???? ???????? ?????, ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ??? ?????? LNG ????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ????? ????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????.

• West Coast Plant Limited (WCPL) ???????? ????? 40%?? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ????? ?????? 250?? ??????? NFE ????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ???? ??????? ??????????? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???? ????.

• ?????? NFE ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????(Plant Factor) 70% ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ??.??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? LNG ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??. ??? ??? ???? ???  ?????? ??????? (Plant Factor) ????? ??? LNG ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? TOP-LNG ???????? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??????? ????????? ?????.

• ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ?? West Coast Plant Limited(WCPL) ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ?? ??? ?????? ?????? ???.

• ????????? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? 2022 ?????? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ?????????? ?? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ???? ???? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??.

• West Coast Plant Limited (WCPL) ???????? ??????? ??????????? (??? ?????????? – 50%, ???????? ?????? – 27%, ???? ?????? ???????? ????? (LECO) – 18%, ???? ?????????????? ????? (LTL) – 5%) ???????? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????. ????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? 40%?? ????????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ??.

• ???? ????????? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ??? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????? ????????????? ????????? ????? ?????? 250? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????.

• ?? ???? ???? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? TOP-LNG ??????? ?????? ?? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? West Coast Plant Limited(WCPL) ???????? ??????? ???? ?????? ?????(Plant Factor)? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ??.30.00?? ????? ??? ???? ??? ??. ? ???????? ???????? ?? ???? ??? ??? ?????????? ???? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ??????? ???? ?????.

• ???? ????? ??? ???? ????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?? ????? ??????????? ????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????? ??. ?? ??????????? ????? ??? ???? ????????? ????? WCPL ???????? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? 9.9?? (??. 19.80?? ???) ??????? ??? ?? ??? ??????? ?? ?????????? ???? ?? ??? ??????? 30.00?? ????? ???? ?? ??.

• ??? ????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? WCPL ???????? ????? 40%?? ????????? ????? ?????? 250?? ?? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ????????? ????? ?????? ????? ????? LNG ??????? ??????? ?? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? ??? ???? ???? ??? ????? ???? ???? ?????????. ?? ???????? ???????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??????? ????????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ??.

• ?? ????? ??? ????????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ?????? ???? ???????? ????????? ????????? ????????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ?????? ??? ??? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ??????????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ???? ?? ??.

• ??????? ???????? ?????? ???? LNG ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ??? ?? ??????? ??????? ?? ??????? ???? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ?? ?????? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ??? ????????? ?????????? ?????? ?? ??.

• ??? NFE ?????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????? ?????? ?????? LNG ?????? ???? ????? ????????? ??????  FSRU ?? ?? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ?? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? LNG ?????? ????????? ????????? ??? ??? ?? ??????????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???????? ??????? ???????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ??.

• ????????? ??????? ?????????? ????? ??????? ????????? ??? LNG ?????? ???? ?????????? ????????? ?? ??? ??? ????????? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ??? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????? ??? ????????? LNG ?????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??.

???????? ?????? ????????? ???????? 40 % ??? ????? ?????? – ????? ???????? ?????

?? ?????? News1st ????? ??????? ??????? ??????. (https://youtu.be/UPvmtQ34oAQ?t=829)

”?? ??? ???? ????, ?????? ????? ??? ?? 5% ??. 90% ?? 95% ?? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ????? ?? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ??????? ????? ?? LNG ??? ?? ?????? ??????????????? ???? ???? ??????? ?? ????????. ??? ???????? ????? ??????”

???? ????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? 10 ?? 15 ?? ??? ????? ???? ??? ?????, ?????????? ?????????? ????? ??? ?.

”? ???? ???? ? ?????? ???????????? ?? ????? ??????? ? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ??????? 10 ?? 15 ?? ??? ????? ?????? ?????. ??? ??????? ?????????????? ???????. ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ?? ?? ??????? ???????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ??? ?????”

?? ? ??? ??????? ?? ??????? ????? ??? ?????????? ?? ???????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ????, ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ????.

Sri Lanka stands to lose hundreds of millions of dollars through a back-door liquefied natural gas (LNG) deal with a US firm which could be worth up to 6.0 billion US dollars but is coming in as the sale of share of a power plant, engineers of the state power utility have warned.

Energy security would also be undermined as the national grid would be dependent on a single company for the supply of LNG to the entire country and will also block state-run Ceylon Electricity Board from using cheapest energy source based on market prices, the CEB Engineers Union has said.

It is not clear how the unsolicited deal was suddenly struck without open tender for either the sale of a 40 percent Treasury stake in a power plant, LNG procurement for at least five years, or to operate floating liquefied natural gas terminal which is expected to charge fees from the state-run Ceylon Electricity Board.-EconomyNext

Read The Story: https://economynext.com/sri-lankas-could-lose-billions…/

AN INTERVIEW WITH ENG. LAKSHITHA WEERASINGHE

AUGUST 2021 |SLEN PODCAST

In the tenth episode of the SLEN Podcast, Eng. Suran Fernando speaks with the Head of CEB Long Term Planning, Eng. Lakshitha Weerasinghe about “Power Generation Strategy of the Country”.

IESL SLEN Link: https://iesl.lk/SLEN/57/podcast_10.php

Youtube Link: https://youtu.be/uhAuuBZVEQc

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Eng. Suran Fernando :

You are listening to IESL SLEN Podcast, featuring a wide range of conversations on diverse engineering and non-engineering sectors of national importance. I am Eng. Suran Fernando, and today, for our 10th podcast, we have a special guest. Today, our discussion is on the power generation strategy of the country which is a hot topic discussed and argued in many engineering circles now-a-days. For that discussion we have Eng. Lakshitha Weerasinghe, who is the Head of CEB Long Term Planning. Let me warmly welcome Eng. Lakshitha Weerasinghe for today’s discussion.

Eng. Lakshitha Weerasinghe :

Thank you for considering me and inviting me for this podcast. I hope I would be able to do justice in the next 15 to 20 minutes to come.

Eng. Suran:

There is a lot of discussion in the society these days about generating electricity using renewable energy sources. Judging by certain criticism in the society on the main electricity supplier, Ceylon Electricity Board, it appears that CEB is not holding this same view on the role of Renewable Energy. As the head of CEB’s long term planning branch, what are your views on relying more and more on renewable energy sources to meet our future electricity requirements?

Eng. Lakshitha :

That is a good question. in fact, we also hold the same view as those in the society that we should gradually transition into a greener, cleaner future and gradually abandon fossil fuels. it is very clear that the entire world is moving in this same direction. and unlike during any other period in the past, we even see that the required associated grid support infrastructure and enabling technologies also coming up for us to make this transition. That means we can certainly rely on renewable forms of energy to meet our future electrical requirements. As a result, we are fully in agreement with the general view in the society that the country should gradually relieve itself from the dependency on imported fossil fuels and go for indigenous renewable forms of energy. in fact, if you go by our recent long-term generation expansion plans, including the recent most draft long term generation expansion plan prepared for a 20-year period, starting from 2022-2041 also is clearly aiming at taking the country in that direction. For example, the latest draft long term generation plan had not identified any Coal-fired power plant after 2030. It had identified only a single new coal plant of 300MW size as compared to nine in the current pan that had received the approval of the Public Utilities Commission. We planned it that way despite coal being the cheapest source of a thermal generation because coal steam technology does not operationally complement the requirements of when running a system with a large proportion of variable renewable energy sources. So, it is clear we too are heading for the same goal, in the same direction.

Eng. Suran :

If that is the case, why is there some criticism about CEB? Some claim that CEB is reluctant to go to Renewables.

Eng. Lakshitha:

Well, I don’t think there is any reluctance on the part of CEB. The criticism I think is more about the strategy adopted by CEB in reaching carbon-neutrality and what is expected from us by others. You must understand that we have a responsibility to keep the lights on while also listening to multiple drivers of the society including the government. As a result, our strategy of reaching for this low carbon future, which is of course is based on years of experience we have in operating our power system and in seeing practical limitations in executing projects in the country, is different to what is obviously expected from us by the others. I think it is mainly to do with the speed that we see as optimal and practical as against what some others think than anything else.

Eng. Suran :

What is CEB strategy then? Can you explain to our audience? It is very important to know from the CEB itself as it is the main electrical utility provider in Sri Lanka.

Eng. Lakshitha :

Let me explain. In order to understand what should be the correct strategy and what should be the correct speed at which renewable sources are to be added onto the system, one must have a little basic understanding of how power systems actually work. As you all know, from the day we decided alternating current, or AC as the best choice to transmit and distribute electricity, we have inherited what is known as synchronous power grids with synchronous generators, running in synchronism supplying the customer demand. in such a grid, the supply of electrical power (measured often in MW) must be exactly equal to the demand for electrical power in real-time. if this supply and demand balance is not maintained, in real-time from megawatt to megawatt, that affects the system frequency. and the system frequency is maintained within a very narrow and tight band. For example, when frequency deviates just 3 Hz from the nominal of 50Hz, the power grid could collapse. And that too within seconds.

So what is that got to do with renewables? If we are to go with a very high proportion of renewables, we have to rely on Solar PV and wind technology to take us there. (You know that all our hydro potential has been already exploited). And we all know that solar and wind have varying and intermittent outputs unless we take corrective action. In conventional power systems, maintaining the supply-demand balance was not a big problem as the only things that were changing were on the demand side or on the customer side. The power system operators, you know, power system operators are the engineers who are at national grid control centres like our own System Control Centre at SJP and centrally operating and dispatching the grid-connected generators and they also operate the high voltage transmission network. So, those system operators adjust conventional generators they have at their control and match the demand. Sometimes this is called load following. But now they have an additional problem. In addition to the customers, even some of the generators they have are now changing. As a result, they now have customers who change their demand minute by minute and generators like wind and solar who too change their output minute by minute. So, now maintaining the supply-demand balance must be done by very few remaining conventional synchronous generating units, whose share should now gradually come down also to give way to renewables like solar and wind. So that is one problem.

Now I told you earlier that in synchronous power grids the supply-demand balance must be maintained MW to MW in real-time. Actually, system operators do not intervene to maintain this balance in seconds to a millisecond scale. It is taken care of by the stored kinetic energy in the generators, mainly. So when customers suddenly ask for more electrical power in the next second or start using less power than in the last second, it is the stored kinetic energy that gets converted to electrical power in the generators before the primemovers that are coupled to the generators (it can be turbines or engines) start giving the mechanical power back to the generators. That is the nature of synchronous power systems. When kinetic energy changes, the generator rotational speeds changes and generator speeds are directly related to the frequency of supply and as a result frequency changes. That means, when the mechanical inertia of all the generators is high, there is lot of kinetic energy and that kinetic energy can take care of sizeable supply-demand imbalances without causing a significant change to speeds or frequency. But when the mechanical inertia is low, there a higher chance to the speed is required to give the same kinetic energy, and as a result, frequency is affected. So when the conventional generators gradually give way to solar and wind, the mechanical inertia too becomes low and low. Both wind and solar technologies have power electronic interfaces and do not add any mechanical inertia. Sometimes you may think that there are these big wind turbines, when you see the rotating blades they add mechanical inertia, but they don’t. their interface is power electronics. Same with solar. So we expect the mechanical inertia of our future power system to get lower and lower, and that means a more and more unstable grid, and we have to take corrective action for that. As a result, CEB strategy to low carbon future also address such technical problems on its way or else we could inherit a cleaner greener grid but with blackouts or brownouts!

Eng. Suran :

So, you mean to say, that it is the technical problems that keep us from making the transition faster? That means CEB engineers have failed so far to give proper solutions to those problems. Isn’t that the case?

Eng. Lakshitha :

I am glad you phrased the question that way, in fact, lot of people think so, and my answer is definitely NOT. Technical problems have technical solutions. Engineering problems have engineering solutions. It is not the lack of solutions but it is other practical limitations in implementing such solutions and also certain very important OTHER strategic reasons that had compelled the CEB to propose its own pathway to the greener grid. You know, one must understand that it must not only the energy sources that must be sustainable, but our progression to renewable itself must be sustainable. It is those reasons that keep CEB too from taking the very rapid, near-overnight transition that a lot of people are advocating.

Eng. Suran :

Now, you are saying about some limitations other than the technical problems that you mentioned earlier. Can you please share with us what those are? Initially, you said it is the technical challenges that you are more concerned about.

Eng. Lakshitha :

Let me put it like this. There are three important considerations in deciding the optimum pathway the country must take to the green grid. It is very important for our country to have our own pathway, have our own strategies in going for the green grid. We must not merely follow what other countries are doing but must take our own strengths and weaknesses and national priorities into consideration and devise our own strategies to come up with the best pathway.

So, as I told you before, there are three considerations.

First, consideration, there are challenges that we have to overcome on the way. There are three such challenges in my opinion, … which I will explain later…. and mind you only one of those challenges is the technical challenge. Technical challenge is the smallest of the three challenges though many think it is the biggest. Many try to teach us technical solutions and fundamentals of power systems thinking our reluctance to go faster is in fear of such technical problems. But contrary, … though the technical challenge is also a grave concern, in comparison it is the smallest of the three.

So, facing such challenges is the first consideration in deciding our own path to a low carbon future.

The second consideration is that there are very important benefits also that is available for us to gain or reap DURING the journey to maximize renewables. Going for renewables is not only about REACHING a target by such and such a date.

We must make the country also benefit, …not only by merely reaching the goal… but also during the transition. There are a lot of benefits available, which we are likely to miss if we unduly rush, I will explain this later.

So that is considered number two, the benefits.

The third consideration is, there are very important corrections and adjustments that we definitely require to make during our journey. If we simply try to JUMP from today to a target on say 2030, we are most likely would not be able to make those corrections and adjustments on the way. I will try to explain very briefly but it’s quite impossible for me to explain everything in a short chat like this. You know, the world around us is changing very rapidly and there are very important new developments in the field of Renewable Energy that we see coming up. Very promising and very interesting. Even now we see clearly different directions leading to the same end result of an all-renewable future. There are different directions that we could take to go to the same end result. So, unless we are very careful and try to go rapidly, but in small steps, we will not be able to make these corrective actions and adjustments. So CEB’s approach is to go in small steps but rapidly.

You must understand that going for the all-renewable future is not only by installing N number of solar parks and X number of wind parks. A lot of people think so, mainly influenced by the commercial lobby. But we see a lot of other opportunities we as a country must take note of and try to adopt during this journey rather than simply putting up solar and wind farms.

Eng. Suran :

Can you please elaborate on the three considerations that you mentioned? If I get it right, I think they are, first the challenges, the second, the benefits and third, the adjustments. So, can we start from the challenges?

Eng. Lakshitha:

There are three challenges, technical financial and implementational. They are coupled to each other. For example, if we try to achieve say 70% of electricity generated by 2030 from renewables, as I told you earlier, we have to rely on solar and wind to takes us there. Both these technologies, particularly solar have low plant factors. That means, to get the same equivalent energy of a 300MW LNG fired power plant running at 70% plant factor from solar, we need about 1000MW of solar. This is a big problem. Solar generates a very high power capacity during a shorter period of the day to give the same energy. Now, our transmission network must be rated to transmit 1000MW instead of 300MW to evacuate power from the solar plant to get the same equivalent energy. To evacuate power from solar and wind zones right around the country, we now need a very high capacity 400kV backbone transmission line network, connecting our load centres with RE zones. Right now our backbone transmission line is 220kV. But in order to transmit these high power capacities, we cannot rely on 220kV. So you have to upgrade to 400kV.

This is both a financial challenge and an implementational challenge very difficult to achieve. As per the very preliminary estimates we have made, we will require an additional 1.7 billion USD to invest in transmission infrastructure. That is required before 2029 if we are to achieve our target in 2030. Again, we also need to maintain the supply-demand balance every second. But now solar brings in more power than required by customers in real-time. I hope you can visualize now. As per our simulations, if we are to achieve 70% of generation from solar and wind by 2030, that requires over 1000MW of batteries to be installed by that time to take the excess generation that is coming from the solar and wind during day time. Batteries are only emerging technologies. There was a lecture recently where it was told that the total installed batter capacity word-wide is less than 2000MW. But here, we too require 1000MW. Also, battery prices, though rapidly falling, are still high. As per present costs, batteries will also require about 2 billion USD within the period 2025 to 2029. So there is a big financial problem for the country. Unlike conventional thermal plants where the costs are spread over 25 years, initially, you have the cavity cost and thereafter the operational cost which is the fuel cost. It spreads over 25 years. But for solar and wind, they don’t need any fuel. So they generate electricity without any cost during the operational period. But for solar and wind, the cash outflows are mainly upfront. Can the country afford to do so, amidst the present forex problem? Well, I do not know.

The third and the biggest challenge is the IMPLEMENTATIONAL challenge. If we are to achieve 70% from RE by 2030, we need about 400MW of solar PV on average per year from next year onwards. If we realize only a half of that using solar parks, we need 2 – 100MW solar parks constructed every year from next year. Mind you, we do not have a single 100MW solar park in the country and to purchase land for the first 100MW solar park at Siyambanalduwa, the Sustainable authority is struggling since 2017. It is not their fault. That is how things happen in this country. In addition to solar, once in every two years, we need three Mannar wind park size wind parks developed in the country. With the sort of implementation difficulties in the country, is it possible? I will let the audience to answer that question. Merely raising a target alone will not make anything.

That is why when Engineers say that something is “yes possible” it must be possible both technically and practically. We are not scientists, or academics or visionaries, who have the liberty to state anything they foresee as possible. We are engineers and remember as I told you at the beginning, we have a responsibility to keep the lights on! That is why when we say something is possible, it has to be possible both technically and as well as practically.

Eng. Suran :

Looks that we came to the interesting part of the discussion but since we are running out of time, Eng. Lakshitha, can I ask you to quickly let us know the other two considerations, the benefits and third, the adjustments you think as required?

Eng. Lakshitha:

The journey to renewables must be made in such a way that it breeds local industry, local entrepreneurship also. Our country does not have a big market to support large industries like automobiles. But power sector is sizeable to support the growth of new players compared to other opportunities. We already see that Sri Lankan business enterprises that entered into mini-hydro industry and even wind industry now operates very successfully even overseas. Same with even certain companies that carried out EPC contracts for thermal power plants like our own Lanka Transformers Limited. They now even operate in Bangladesh. There are very successful local companies that have invested in wind power. We must make this journey in such a way that local players, new small players, or those who are already experienced to come and do the development of RE and thus get benefitted from the opportunity. To do so, we must go gradually big with a mixed model. But if we simply rush to a high target, you will soon see only big international companies coming and doing the development. It is only such big international players who can engage in developing 100MW, 200MW, 300MW and even 500MW size development and we Sri Lankans will miss the opportunity to develop the small-scale industrial players capable initially to engage in smaller sizes 1MW, 10MW scale. So we missed the opportunity of developing them. It is them who later on stepping on to 20MV, 100MV and go overseas and that is how the business develops in a country. If we rush unduly, we also would see these international companies coming and asking for dollar-denominated tariffs. To take a very careful note on this, if you unduly rush it is the only big players who can come and take the challenge and ask for dollar-denominated tariff. In such an eventuality, we would not only be able to develop our own business sector but also will have to pay electricity produced by our solar and wind resources back in dollars. Is it any different to generating from imported fossil fuels?

CEB plans had already offered very big opportunities to the solar and wind industry. For example, as per the draft CEB generation plan, we plan to add over 2000MW of solar by the end of 2029, which is five times what we have now. That itself is a massive opportunity to the local business sector.

I do not have time to let you know what adjustments are we need as it takes time. But let me summarize the CEBs pathway to a low carbon future in one statement.

We intend to go from the high carbon electricity (I may call it the brown grid. Right now even though I call it high carbon electricity, our CO2 in single KW electricity that we produce is only 0.55 Kg of CO2 which is quite low by the world standards. But let’s call it the brown grid.) So if we intend to go from this brown grid initiative our plan is to initially via a blue grid that uses LNG as a transition fuel, that is why I have told you at the beginning that we have stopped generating new coal power plants by 2030. So it will be mainly LNG as a transition fuel to the greener grid of the future. Our proposal is to do so via successive generation plans from brown to blue to green, but not just within one plan but in successive generation plans that we would prepare once in every two years. So that we can adjust to new developments and practical technical challenges on the way. Our plan is to make our grid zero carbon ready first before we make the jump.

But if we simply try to take a big jump (thinking it is very attractive to have such policies and slogans), without realizing the bigger picture, well your guess is good as mine.

Thank you. .

Eng. Suran :

Yes. Those are the views of Eng, Lakshitha Weerasinghe who is the Head of Long Term Planning at CEB. Let us conclude this fruitful discussion now. Thank you very much engineer Lakshitha Weerasinghe for spending your valuable time to share your ideas, opinion, your strategy on the CEB’s path towards Renewable Energy. We wish you all the success in your future endeavours.

Eng. Lakshitha:

Thank you once again for giving me the opportunity to brief IELS membership of the quite pertinent subject. And also I take this opportunity to wish you all good success on your future endeavours and the SLEN. Thank you.

Eng. Suran :

Yes. Those are the views of Eng, Lakshitha Weerasinghe who is the Head of Long This is engineer Suran Fernando from SLEN podcast. Have a nice day!

????????????:

Professor Ranjit Perera passed away on 17th February 2021, a few months after his retirement from the University of Moratuwa. He dedicated his entire life to teaching undergraduates and graduates, and on research into very practical aspects of electrical engineering and the electric utility industry. Thousands of engineers who graduated from University of Moratuwa, and from Kotelawala Defence University where he was Dean Engineering in its formative years, have learned from Ranjit. He was ever ready to assist students in their projects, both at undergraduate and master’s levels, diligently guiding them through the initial months of “finding their way”, right up to the end.

His postgraduate study and research were in Germany, where he also spent some of his sabbatical leave, after rejoining University of Moratuwa. When the position of Director General, Public Utilities Commission fell vacant in 2008, he was appointed to the position. The experience of many countries was that an academic was most suitable to lead a new regulatory commission. Tactful, genuine, and passionate interventions are required when a country establishes a new regulatory commission to supervise an established industry with a 100-year history, which had been self-regulating for 60 years.

Year 2009 was a milestone year in Sri Lanka’s electricity industry for two reasons: the new Electricity Act, debated for ten years, was approved by Parliament in April; there was a massive blackout in October. Both these events heaped a lot of responsibilities on the Public Utilities Commission, which itself was still in its infancy. Professor Perera was the Director General. Within a few months, he completed all the initial regulatory instruments required under the new Act. CEB and LECO were issued with “licenses”. They had to pay “license fees” to the regulatory commission, which was a new experience. The industry structure too was novel; one owner had to be issued with many licenses. Dynamics and sentiments in the industry had to be managed with maturity and care, which only an academic of the caliber of Professor Ranjit was able to deliver.

A gung-ho attitude would not work, and Professor Perera knew that very well. He was the perfect bridge between the mostly politically appointed commissioners with no experience in the electricity industry and the relatively inexperienced secretariat; while a strong government and a mature electricity industry were closely watching how the commission would perform.

Being the licensing agency, and with the private sector allowed to produce and sell electricity under license, pressure on the Commission and the Director General was enormous. An honest DG knows the law and its limits. He must be answerable to his own conscience, the government, the utility industry and the academic community. The pressure from within and outside, demanding various illegal actions from the DG may have been enormous. Being a man of principle, on a day in December 2009, he resigned from the position of Director General.

Although Professor Perera had to leave this world early, his teaching, his research and his overall contributions to the electricity industry will remain and be remembered for years to come. He stood up for what is right and refused to bend the rules!

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Original Article – https://island.lk/professor-ranjit-perera-one-who…/

Related Posts – https://www.facebook.com/340026129536319/posts/1541469296058657/

https://www.facebook.com/340026129536319/posts/1439322279606693/ (Retirement of Prof. Ranjit Perera)

By Dr. Tilak Siyambalapitiya:

Where have all the Dollars gone…???

No one knows what happened to the dollars earned by the country. Why did the reserves drop to such low levels, and so soon? I can enumerate the extra costs, meaning precious money wasted in the energy sector (electricity and petroleum) tracing major projects since 1987; how much of extra costs were incurred when politicians played ball games with each project and the persons responsible can also be indicated.

Why do we have to trace losses caused to the energy sector by politicians and others from 1987 onward? This is because similar manipulations continue to happen, and losses keep mounting, as we speak. All spent in dollars.

Power plants in plans were repeatedly cancelled, delayed, and sites shifted round and round the country. The end result? Increased use of oil to produce electricity. The public think electricity is produced from renewable energy. Wrong!

Even in the year 2020, 27% of electricity produced came from the most expensive way to produce electricity: oil. Not even an oil exporting country uses oil to produce such a share of electricity from oil. All plans to reduce the use of oil have been sabotaged by former Presidents, Prime Ministers, NGOs and strangely and uniquely in Sri Lanka, by Bishops!

The Gas Terminal

Since 2014, Sri Lanka has been struggling to build a terminal to import natural gas, LNG. The President tried for five years, to get a Korean company to build it. The Prime Minister tried for four years to get an Indian company to build it. The battle turned into a “terminal” battle between the President and the Prime Minister. All this was when the Electricity Act 2009 says, in no uncertain terms: electricity should be procured on a competitive basis.

Now the government has changed. There are new decision-makers and there are new friends and affiliations. Contracts need to be given. This is the same story doing rounds over the last two weeks about a Cabinet Decision to “award” the gas terminal tender to a company that suddenly emerged from nowhere. All this was while a competitive bidding process was open.

An Honourable Minister would have informed such a company or an Ambassador approaching him for the gas terminal contract: “Look Madam, we have already launched a competitive bidding process. The bids are due to close in three months’ time. You have ample time. Please encourage as many companies from your country as you like, to send their bids. So, how many tender books do you want, Madam? I will get them dispatched promptly to the companies in your country, with a copy to your commercial attaché in Colombo”.

As we now know, what happened is completely the opposite.

So, what is the likely outcome? There will be a new “terminal” fight 2021-2025; Finance Minister’s terminal vs the CEB’s competitively bid terminal. The end result: no gas terminal will ever be built. Then write in the 2025 manifesto, repeating the same sentence as in the 2019 manifesto: “the gas terminal will be built without further delay”. Meanwhile produce electricity using diesel but tell the public that electricity comes from renewables. This is the tragedy of Sri Lanka.

Bishops and Vatican

The Archbishop of Colombo says he does not want gas power plants. The Bishop of Chilaw does not want coal power plants. However, the Holy See and the Vatican gets 45% of electricity from gas, 10% from coal. Good for Pope; not for Sri Lanka. The end result: more oil used for power generation, the curse of Sri Lanka. Of course, for oil power plants, there will be no such divine intervention.

But you are told electricity is produced from renewable energy; yes at prices up to Rs 25 per unit. Rs 22 per unit from rooftops. Renewable energy is cheaper, less than half that price in other countries, but not in Sri Lanka. You can come to your own conclusions why it is so expensive.

Finally, to the oil refinery. The 50-year old refinery badly needs an upgrade or a replacement. Since the year 1995, “friends” of politicians offered to build refineries. If all of them were built, Sri Lanka will be floating in oil by now. Alas ! nothing happened. For over 25 years, friends of Presidents and Prime Ministers offered to build a refinery, crushing all attempts by the CPC to call for competitive bids: “do not worry, an investor will build the refinery you want”. The latest was so recent, in March 2019, when a “friend” from Oman even laid a foundation stone in Hambantota to build a refinery. Soon after, Reuters quoted an Omani official as saying Oman had no role in the project. Meanwhile the country loses USD 300 million per year.

Now, according to the Minister, a competitive bid would soon be launched to build a refinery. Do not be surprised if an ambassador meets the President and offers to build a refinery. The end result: no refinery, and the 2025 manifesto to say “a new refinery will be built very soon”.

The table shows how Sri Lanka was made to waste USD 17 billion for 35 years since 1987, owing to major projects in the energy sector being manipulated by persons listed. There have been numerous other losses or pilferage caused at energy facilities, which are not listed here.

So how was this USD 17 billion ‘extra” financed? Of course, by borrowing money from the international market. The “sovereign bonds” Sri Lanka is paying with utmost difficulty, causing untold hardship to its citizens and their businesses, was money borrowed partly to pay for oil to produce electricity.

If not for the Presidents, Prime Ministers, NGOs, and uniquely for Sri Lanka, the Bishops, Sri Lanka would have USD 17 billion extra in the treasury. We would have smoothly sailed over these difficult times.The sad part of the story is that the same cycle of manipulation continues, as you read this article.So, the winners are those who delayed and continue to delay the oil refinery, closely followed by those who delayed and continue to delay the Norochcholai power plant.Loan asked from Bangladesh was: USD 200 million. Loss caused by above politicians, officials, NGOs and Bishops, is USD 16,935 million, and keeps increasing as we speak.

Read full article here: https://island.lk/presidents-prime-ministers-ministers…/

??? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ????????? ?????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ????? ????. ?? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ” 2030 ?? ????? ?????? ???????????? 70% ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????” ?? ???????????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????????. ??????? ??????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???? ???? ??????????????? ??????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ??????? ?????????? ???? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ?? ????? ??? ???????????? ???? ?? ????????? ??????.

?????? ?? ???? 2030 ?? 70% ?????????? ???????

2030 ?? ????? ?????? ???????????? 70% ??? ???, ???? ???? ?? ???? ??? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ?????? ???? ????????? ??????????????, ??????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???????? ?????. ?? ?????? ?????? ???, ? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ????? ??? ??????. ?????????????? ?????????? ????? ??????????? ????????? ????? (80% ?) ???????? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ??? ?????????. ??? 59 ???? ?????? ????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ??????? ????. ???? ??? 80%? ???????? ??????????? ????????? ????? ????? ??? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ???. ???? ????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????????, ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???? ??? ??? ??????????? ???? ????.

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??? ?????? ?????? ???????????? 70% ?? ?????????? ????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ???????? ??? ?? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ?? ???????. ???? ?? ?? ?????? ??.??.?. ?? ????? ????? ???????? ??????????? ???? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ?? ??????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ??? ? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ?????? ?????.

???????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ????????? ????????? ????? ???????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ??? ?? ????? ??? ??????. ?????????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ?? ???????????????? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ??????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????? ????? ???????, ????? ????????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ???????.

?? 70% ????????????? ????? ???????? ???? ???? ???????? ? ??? ?????? ??.??.?. ??? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ? ????? ????? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??.??.?. ????????? ???? ???????. ????? ?? ????????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ???????? ??????? ?? ??????? ?????????? ?? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????. ?? ?????? ?????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ?? ??? ??????? ??? ?????? ?????.

????? ?? ???? 70%? ???????? ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ???? ???????

??? ????? ?? ????????? ????? ???????, ?????? ??? ??.??. 1565 ? ????????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ????. ???? ?? ????? ?? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ?????? ?????????? 30% ??? ?????????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????????. ?????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ?????? ???? ?? ??? 2030 ???? ?? ?? ??.??. 1565 ????????? ?? ?????? ???? ???????? ???? ???????, ?? ??? ???????? ??????????? ?????? 20% ?? ??? ????????. (??????? 4 ?? ??? ???? ?? ??????? ???? ???? ?? ???????? ???? ??????? ???????). ? ??????? ?? 2030 ?? 70% ?? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ??? 50% ?????????? ????? ?? ??????, ???? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ???? ?????. (20% ?????? ?? ??????? + 50% ??????? ??????? = 70% ?????????? ???????). ????? ?? 50% ? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??????? 8-9 ?? ???? ???? ????? ?? ??? ???? ???? ????? ???????. ?????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ??????? 10 ??? ???????? ??.??. 460 ?? ????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ??.??. 4000 ???????, ??.??. 248 ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??.??. 1500 ????? ? ???? ????? ???? ????.

????? ???????? ????? ???????? ??? 2050 ?? ????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ????????. ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????? ???????? 2035-45 ??? ??????? ???????. ???? ?????? ???????? ???? ???????? ???? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????. ??? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ??????????? ??? ???? ??????? ????? ‘2100 ? ???’ ??? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??????? ???. ???????? ??? ? ??? ?????? ?????, ???????? ????? ??. ??? ??? ???? ???? ????, ??? ??????? ????? ??? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? 2050 ?? ?? ???? ???????? ???????? ?? ?????.

? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ???????? 2050 ?? 100% ???? ?????????? ???????? ???????????? ???? ?????????. ? ?????? 2030 ?????? 50% ?? ????? ??????????? ?????????? ???? ??????????? ?????. ?? 50% ?? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ??? 2030 ??? ?? ??? ??.??. 2800?? ????? ????????? ??.??. 1100? ????????? ???? ???????? ??? ???? ????????.

??? ????????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????????????? ? ??? ?????? ???????? ? ???? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ???? ?????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???????? ??? ?? ???????. ??, ?? ?????? ? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ???????? ????

70% ?? ?????? ????? 100% ? ?????????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ???????. 70% ?? 100% ?????? ???? ???????? ?????????? ??????, 2030 ???? ??????? ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ????????.

? ??????? ????? ???????? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ????? ?????? ???????.

70% ??????? ???? 2030 ??? ??? ??.??. 4000? ????? ??? ??? ???? ?????. ??? ?? ????? ???? ??????? ?????? ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ??. ???????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ?? ??????? ???? ?????? ??.??.100-200 ??? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????. ? ???? ?? ?? ????? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ???? ????? ????????? ??.??????. 400 ???-????????? ?????????? ????? ????? ?????. 70% ?? ?????? ???? ????? ??.?. 11.00 ??? ?.?. 2.00 ??? ???? ??? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ????????? ??? ??? ??????. ? ???? ??? ?????????? ??? ??????? ???? ????? ?? ????????? ?????. ?? ???? ??.??. 1000-1500 ??? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????. ? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????????? ????????? ??????? ??????? ??? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? ???????? ????? ??? ????? ?????. ?????? ????? ??? ??????? ?? ???? ????? ?????????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ? ?????? ????? ????? . ? ?????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ????? ????? ???? ??????? ??????? ???????? ????? ?? ????, ????? ????? ???? ???? ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ?????. ? ??????? ?? ??.??.4000 ????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ?????? ????? ?? ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? 4 – 5 ?? (??????? ?????? 1,000 ?? ???) ?????? ????? ????. ? ????? ????? ?????? ????. ??.??. 4000 ????? ?????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ????? ?????? 2.5 – 3.0 ? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????. ????? ????? ????? ?????????? ???? ??? ??? ???? ????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ?

? ???? ??. ??????. 400 ??? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ???? ??? 150? ???? ???, ?? ??? ?? ????????? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????. ?? ?????? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????? ??????? ?? ??????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??.??????. 33 ????????? ???? ?????????? ???????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????. ????? ??. ??????. 400 ???-????????? ?????????? ????? ?????? ??????? 5-9 ?? ??? ??? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????. ????? ????? ?????????? ?? ?? ?????????? ???? ????????.

?? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????. ? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ?????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??????? , ???? ?? ?? ?????? ????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????????. ???? ?? ??????????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??????????? ????????? ??.??. 100? ????? ????????? ???????? ???? ????? 500? ????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????. ??.??.?. ???????? ??????? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???? ?????? ?????. ???-????????? ?????????? ????? , ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ???????? ?? ???? ?????. ?? ?????? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ??? ????????. 2030 ?? 70% ??????? ???? ??? ?? ?????????? ?? ??? ?????? 4?? ??? ??? ???? ????????.

?????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? 500? ????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ?? ???? ?? ????????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????????? ??

????? ???? ???????? ???????? ?????????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? , ?????? ????? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ?????????????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ???? ????? ????????? ??.??.? ?? ????? ?????? ?????? ??????????.

?????? ?? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ???? ?? ?????? ?????? ?? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?

?????? ???? ???? ??? ???????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ????? ???? ?????. ? ???? ?????? ??????? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????????. ???? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????, ????? ????? 30% ???? ??????. ????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????? ???????? ??? ???? ??. ? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?????. ??? ????? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??? ?? ???? ???????? ????. ????? ??? ???????? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??????????? ?????????.

????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ?????? ???????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ?????? ???? ????? ?? ???????? ??? ???????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???. ???? ? ????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?? ??. ???? ??????? ???? ???? ??.??. 370 ??? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????. ?? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ?????? (????????????????) ??????? ?????? ????? ????? ???? ????????? ???? ???? ?????????? ???? ?? ???? ???????. ???? ?? ???????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????? ?????????????? ??? ??.??. 75 ????????? ???? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????. ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??.??. 10-30 ??? ???????? ????????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ???.

?? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ?????? ?????????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????. ???????? ????? ????????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ?????????? ????? ??????? ??? ??? ???? ???????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ?? . ???? ????? ???????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ??????. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ??????? ???????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ??. ????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? 24? ???? ??? ????????? ?? ???? ????????? ???? ????? ?? ?????????? ????? ?????? ?????.

??? ????? ????????? ????? ?????? ??? ???????? ????? ????? ??????. ????? ??.??. 4000 ?? ???? ??.??. 1500 ???? ????? ????? ?????? 5.5? ???? ???????? ????? ?????. ????? ? ??????? ??????? 8-9 ???? ????? ?????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ????????? ????? ????? ???????? ?? . ????? ??????????? ????? ?????? ? ???? ????? ????? ?????????????? ????? ????????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ??????. ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????? ?????????? ??? ???? ????????? ??????? ?? ???????? ????? ?? ????. ?? ??????? ???????? ???? ????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ????? ?? ???? ?? ????? ??????? ??????????? ???.

??? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?? ??? ?????? 2030 ?????? 70% ??????? ?? ???? 50% ? ?????? ??? ??? ???? ?????? ??. ? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ????????.

?? ???? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????. ??.??.? ????? ??????? 20 ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ?????. ?? ??? ??????? ????? ???? ?????????? ?????. ??? ????? ????? ?? ??????? ?????? 2018??. ?? ????? ??? ????????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???? ?? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????????? 4 ?????? ????? ???? ????? ????. ???? ?? ???? “2030 ?? 70% ? ?????????? ???????” ???? ???????????? ????? ???? ???????????? ???? ?????? ????????, ? ???? ???? ???? ???????? 2030 ????? ????? ??.??. 950 ????????? ??? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ?????. ??? ????? ? ?????? ???? ??? ???? ??????????, ???? ?????? ?????? , ??????? ?????? , ????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ??????? ???????????? ???? ????? ?????. ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??????. ????? 70% ??????????? ???? ?????? ???? ????????? ????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?? . ??? ???? ????? ????? ???? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???????? ???? ?????? ?? ???? ??? ???????? ??????? ??. ??? ???????? ????? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????. ?? ???? ???? ??????? ??? ????. 2016 ?? ???? ??? ????? ??? 2030?? 100% ???? ???????????? ???? ????. ????? ?????? ??? ??. ??? ??.??. 500 ???????? ???????? ????????? ?????????. ????????? ??? 2019 ??. ??? ????? ? 2019?? ????? ??????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ?????? ??? ??????? ????? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ???????? ????? ????.

????, ??????? ?????? ????? ?????? ?? ??? ?????????????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?? ?????? ????? ????? ????? ???????. ? ???? ??????? ???? ??? ??? ???????? ?????. ??? ?? ?????? ?????????? ?????????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ?????? ????. ???????? ???????? ??? ????? ??????? ?????? 200-300 ??? ?????? ????????.

?????? ?? ???? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ?

??? ???? ????. ??? ?? ???? ??????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????. ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ??? ???????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ??????? ????? ????? . ??? ? ????? ? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????.

” ???? ???? ??? ?????? ????? ??????? 40-50% ??? ???? ?????????? ??????? ???????, ??????????, ????? ???????????? ??? ?? ??/ ?????????? ???? ?? ????? ???? ????????? ?????? ??? ????????”

???? ???? ???? ,???? ?????? ??????? ??? ???? ???????? ???? ???????? ?? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??? ???? ????? ????? ??????. ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?? ????? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????????? ??????. ?????? ?? ???????? ????????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????.

?????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ???????, ?????????, ????????? ??? ????? 2040 ?? 30%-40% ??? ?????????? ?????????? ????? ????????? ?????? ????????.

???? ?? ????? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ???????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ???????? ???? ????? ?????? ????

??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ? ???? ????? ???? ?????????? ????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ????????? ???? ?????? ???? 2030 ?? 70% ?? ??? ??????? ????? ??? ??????? ??. ????? ??????? ??? ????????????? ???? ?????.

? ???? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ?????, ??? ????? ?????????? ?????? ????? ??? ???? ?????????? ???????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ????????

??? ????????? ??? ??????? ????? ??????????? ???????? ????? ????????? ??????? ??. ??????????????, ???? ??? ?????????, ??????????? ?? NGO ???????????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???????? ????????? ???? ???? ????? ?? ????? ???????? ???? ??????. ???? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ??????? ???, ????? ???????? ??? ??????? ? ?? ?????? ?????????? ???? ?????? ???????.

?????????? ?????? ?????????? ????????? ????? ???? ??? ???????? ?? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ????? ??????. ?? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????. ????????? ??? ??????? ??? ????? ??????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ?? ?????. ?????? ????, ????? ?????? ?????? ??. 22 ??? ???? ????? ??????. ??? ???? ??????? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?? 12 -15 ?? ???? ?????? ?????? ??. 9 -10 ? ??? ???? ??? ???????. ?? ??????? ??????? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ???????. ??? ?? ?????? ????? ?????????? ???????? ????? ?????? ???????? ??.??. 100? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????. ? ???????? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? 8 ??.

???? ?? 2030 ??? ????? ???? ????? ??? ?????? ?? ?????? ?????????? ??????? ??? ????? ???? ???????? ?? ????? ??? ????, ?????? ??????????? ???? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ?????? ???? ??. ??????? ?? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????????? ???????.

??? ?????? ?????? ???????? ???? ????? ??????? ???????. ????? ???? ?????? ??? ???? ??? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ???? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ??????, ????? ????????? ?? ????? ????? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ?????????? ??????????, ??? ????. ????? ??? ?????????? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ?? ??. ???? ????? ????? ???????. ?????? ????? ???? ??????????? ???? ????? ? ???? ??? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????. ???????????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??? ?????? ??? ???????? ???? ????.

????? ?????? ?? ??????? ?

??????? ??????? ??????? ????? ???? ????? ??? ????? ???? ???? ??. ?? ????? ??? ????? ????. ??? ????????? ?? ??? ?????????? ??????? ???? ?? ???????? ????? ??? ???? ???? ???????? ????????? ??????. ??? ?? ????? ??????????? ??????????? ???? ?????? ????? ??. ?? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ????? ?????????? ??????.

???? ????? ??????? ?????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????? ????????? ??? ??????????? ?????? ??? ????? ??? ?????. ????? ?? ?????????? ???????? ???? ???? ?????????????? ???????? ?????? ?? ??????? ???? , ??????????? ?? ???? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ???????? ???? ???? ??????????? ?? ?????????? ??????? ?????????? ????????? ???? ???????. ????? ?? ???? ???? ????? ?????? ??????????? ?????????? ??????? ????????????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ???? ?????????? ????? ???? ????? ??????????. ??? ???????? ? ??? ??? ???? ? ?????????? ???? ?????????? ??? ?????, ??? ????? ??? ?????? ??????? ????? ???? ???? ??? ??? ???? ???????????????? ????? ??????????? ?????. ??????? ??????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ?????. ?? ???? ?????? ? ???? ???? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ???????? ??? ???? ???? ?????? ?????? ‘?????? ??????? ???????? ??????????’ ???? ???????????? ?????????? ???.
????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ??? ????? ???????? ????? ??

“2030 ?? 70% ?? ?????????? ???????” ???? ???????? ??? ???? ?????????? ????? ??????? ???? ????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ??????? ???? ????? “

” 2030 ?? ??????? ?? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ????????? ?????” ,

” 2030 ?? ??? ??????????? ? ???????? ??? ???? ??????”,

” 2030?? ??? ?????? ??? ????????? ??? ??? ??? ??????”,

” 2030 ?? ????? ???? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? 3 ?? ??? ????”

??? ??? ?????? ?????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????

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??????? ??????? ??????? ???? ??? ??????????? ???? ????. ??? ???????? ???????????. ??? ?????? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ????? ???? ???????? ?????????. ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ?????? ????? ???????? ???? ?? ??. ???? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ????????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????. ?? ????? ??????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ????? ??????? ???? ?????? ???????? ???????? ?????.

“?????? ???????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ??? ????????  ??????? ?????????. ????? ???? ??????? ??? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? ??? ???? ?????? ??????? ??????? ??????????????? ???? ??????? ?????? ???????”

????????: ??? ????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????????? ???????? ????

??? ??. ????? ???????? ????????? ???????? ?? ????? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ??? ???????? ?? ??? ????? ???????? ????????? ??????. ?? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????? 1987 ???????? ???????? ?? ??? ???????? ??????? ????. ????? ??? ???? 2005 ?????? ???? ??? ?????, ??????? ?? ?????????????? ???? ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ??????? ???????? ????? ???? ???? ??????? ????????? ??????????? ???????? ? ????? ?????? ????????? ????????. 2002 ????? ????? ????????? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ???????? ????? ???????? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ???? ?????? ??????????? ??? ??????? ??? ???????????? ?????? ??????? ??????. ??? ?????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???? ????????? ???? ????????? ???????? ?????? ???????? ?????? ????? ?????????.  ? ??????  ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????? 900?? ?????? ? ???? ????? ??? ??? ????????? ???? ??? ?????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?????. ??????? ????????????? ???? ??? 6?? ??? ????? ????? ??? ??????? ????????? ??????. ?? ????? ??? ??????? ?????? ?????? ?? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ?????. ???????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ????????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ??????? ?? ?????? ?? ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?????? ??????? ???? ????????????? ?????? ??? ??????? ??????????? ??????. ? ???? ???? ????? ???? ?????? ??? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????? ?? ?? ?? ??????? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????? ??????? ????? ????? ?????? ??.

????????: ?????? ??????????? ????? ??????? ???????? ???????????? ???????? ????

??? ???? ?????? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ???? ???????? ??????? ?? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ??? ?????? ???? ?????? ????? ?????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ????. ????? ???? ????? ??? ??????? ??? ??? ????? ??? ????? ????? ????? ????? ????????? ???????? ?????????(LNG) ?? ????? ?? ???? ??? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ??? ??????. ?? ?????? ????? ???????? 2022-2041 ????????? ????? ????????? ??? ???????? ? ? ?????????? ??????????? ??? ????? ?????. ?? ??? ??? ??????? ??????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????. ??????? ????????? ???????? ??????????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??????????? ????? ??? ???? ?? ???????? ????????? ?? ????? ??????? LNG ????????? ???? ???? ??????. ???? ?? ??????? ??? ????? ?????? ? ??????? ???? ??????????? ????? ?????? ????????????? ????? ?????????? ????. ????? ? ?????? ????? ???? ?? ??? ????????? ?? ?? ????? ?????, ?????????????? ??? ????? ?? ?????? ? ?????????? ??? ??? ???? ??? ?????? ??????????? ????????? ??? ????????? ???????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????????? ???? ???? ???????. ?? ??? ????? ?????? ??? ??? ??????? ?????????? ???? ?? ???????? ???????. ???? ???? ??????? ??? ??? ??????? ??? ??????????? ???? ????????? ?????? ???????.

???????? : ??? ????? ??????? ????? ?????? ???????????? ?????? ?????? ??????? ????? ????? ???????? ????????

?? ??? ????? ??????? ??? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ????? ?????????? ????? ???? ????????? ??. ???? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ???? ???? ???? ?????? ????????. ??? ? ?????? ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????????? ?????? ???? ???? ???? ????? ???? ????????????? ??????? ?? ???? ???????? ????? ????? ?????? ????????? ??????? ?????????? ?? ????? ????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?? ???????? ????? ???? ?????. ??? ????? ???? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????? ? ??????? LECO ?? ?? ???? ???????????????? ?????(LTL) ???? ??????? ????????? ?????? ????? ?????????? ?????? ???????? ???????? ????. ????? ?????? ???????????? ????? ?????????? ??. ??? ????? ????? ?????? ?????????? ?????? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??? ????????? ????? ?????? ???? ???????.

????? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ????. ??????? ????? ??? ????? ?????? ???????? ??????. ??? ??? ?????? ??????????? ???????? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ???? ????? ???????? ?? ????

???????? ?????????? ?????? ????????? ????? ??? ???????? ???????? ?????? ?????????? ??? ???? ?????? ???? ??????? ????? ??. ?????? ??????????. ????? ???????? ??????? ??? ????? ??? ????????? ????????? ????? 52.6??. ??????????? ????? 49.67??. ????????????? ????? 38??. ?????????? ????? 43??. ?????? ????? 31??. ????????? ????? 41.8??. ????? ???????? ????? 28.5??. ?? ????? ????????? ??? ????? ??????????? ???? ????????? ??? ?????? ??????? ???? ??????. ??? ???? ????????????? ??????? ???? ??????? ???????. ????? ????? ????? ??? ????? ????? ??????? ??????? ?? ??? ???? ??. ? ????? ????? ???? ???? ????? ???? ???????? ??? ??????????????? ?????????????? ?? ??? ????? ?? ???? ???????? ?????????? ???????? ??? ????? ???. ??? ??? ?? ???????? ???? ?? ??? ???????? ?????????? ?????????? ??????? ??????? ???????????. ??? ?????? ????? ??? ?????. ???? ????????  LNG.  ???????? ??????? ??????????? ?????? ???? ???? ????? ??? ????? ?? ????????? ??????????? ??????? ?? ????????? ???? ????? ???? ????????? ?? ???????? ??????. ?????? ??? ???????? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ?? ??????? ??? ???? ??? ??? ?????? ?????? ?? ???????? ??? ????? ??? ????? ??? ?????? ???????? ??? ??????????? ?? ???????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ??????. ?? ??????.  ?? ?????? ????? ??????? ?????  ????? ????? ????? ???????? 89 ???? ???????. ?? ??? 0.8 ????/?????? ?? ??? ????????? ???? ????? ???????? ????? ? ??? 15.52??. ????? ? ??? 7.38??. ??? ?? ???? ????? ??????? ??? ???? ??????? ??. ?????? ???????????? ?????? ????????? ?????????? ???????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ????? ?????? ??????? ????? ??? ?? ???????? ??????. ???? ??? ??? ????? ???????? ?????????? ?? ????? 60%?? ????? ?????????? ???? ????? ???? ????? ???????? ??????? ?????? ?????. ?????? ???????? ???????? ??????????? ?????  ???? ???? ???????? ???? ?? ????????????. ?? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??? ?????? ????? ???? ???? ???? ???? ?? ????? ???? ??? ????? ?????????? ??? ??????.

???????? : ??? ??????? ????????? ??????? ??? ???????? ??????? ?????

????? ?? ??????. ???? ?? ?????? ????? ???????? ?????? ???? ?????? ??? ????? ???? ?????????. ?? ???? ????? ????? ??? ???????? ???? ??????? ??????. ? ??? ?????? ??? ??????? ????????? ????? ????????. ??? ??????? ???? ????????? ???????? ???? ?????? ???????? ????????. 2030 ????? ????? ?????? ??.?? 2,700?? ?? ???? ?????? ??.?? 1,100?? ???????? ??????? ?? ???????. ??? ??? ??? ???????? ???? ???? ???? ?????????. ??? ????? ?????? ?????? ?????? ?????????. ???? ?? ????? ????? ?? ???? ?????? ??????? ?????? ??????? ??? ??????????. ????? ?????? ???? ???? ?? ????? ?????? ??????? ???? ?? ????????? ??? ?? ??? ??? ????? ?????? ????? ??? ?? ???? ??????.